浮游植物熒光儀Phyto-PAM
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浮游植物熒光儀Phyto-PAM款可自動對浮游植物分類的熒光儀
schreiber教授因發(fā)明pam系列調(diào)制葉綠素熒光儀而獲得首屆光合作用協(xié)會(ispr)創(chuàng)新獎
1983年，walz公司*科學家、德國烏茲堡大學的ulrich schreiber教授設計制造了**臺調(diào)制熒光儀——pam-101/102/103，并在植物生理、生態(tài)、農(nóng)學、林學、水生生物學等領域得到廣泛應用，出版了大量高水平研究文獻。但該儀器由于采用光電二極管為檢測器，因此只能檢測高等植物、室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)的微藻等葉綠素含量較高(> 10 mg l-1)的樣品。
在pam-101/102/103出現(xiàn)的同時，schreiber教授就有了設計一臺多波長調(diào)制熒光儀的構(gòu)想。1988年，schreiber教授和他的博士后kolbowski博士*次設計出了16波長(led)熒光分光光度計。
1995年，schreiber教授和kolbowski博士一起設計出了**臺可對浮游植物自動分類的調(diào)制葉綠素熒光儀phyto-pam。phyto-pam采用調(diào)制技術，利用4種不要波長的led作為光源，利用光電倍增管作為檢測器，可以對水樣中的藍藻、綠藻、硅藻/甲藻自動分類，并分別測量它們的葉綠素含量和光合活性。
phyto-pam由于采用光電倍增管作為檢測器，因此檢測限達到 0.1
μg l-1 chl。根據(jù)研究對象和研究目的不同，可有3套系統(tǒng)供您選擇。
phyto-pam是水域生態(tài)學、海洋與湖沼學、水質(zhì)監(jiān)測等領域的有效工具。
系統(tǒng)描述：
脈沖-振幅-調(diào)制(pulse-amplitude-modulation, pam)技術的測量原理是基于對調(diào)制測量光激發(fā)的熒光信號的選擇性放大。在phyto-pam浮游植物熒光儀中，微秒級的測量光脈沖是由4種不同顏色的發(fā)光二極管(led)陣列發(fā)出的：藍色(470 nm)、綠色(520 nm)、淺紅色(645 nm)和深紅色(665 nm)。不同顏色的測量光脈沖在高頻率下交替應用，就可以獲得4種波長的光激發(fā)出的半同步的熒光信號。結(jié)合不同藻類的參考光譜(reference spectrum)就可區(qū)分不同藻類，并分別測量它們的光合活性和葉綠素含量。
phyto-pam可以對藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻進行分類。由于硅藻和甲藻的色素組成差別不大，目前技術上還很難對它們進行區(qū)分。要想對它們區(qū)分，除了考慮色素組成外，更重要的是考慮捕光色素-蛋白復合體的結(jié)構(gòu)特別是橫向截面積，這必須結(jié)合“泵”和“探針”法測量熒光。目前walz公司正結(jié)合“泵”和“探針”法開發(fā)對微藻分類更多、更精確的儀器。phyto-pam還可以測量這些藻類的葉綠素濃度(檢測限為0.1
μg l-1 chl)。phyto-pam更加強大的功能是可以探測自然水樣中藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻的光合活性和光適應狀態(tài)。
phyto-pam采用微型光電倍增管作為檢測器，可以檢測及其微弱的靈敏變化，同時還具備強光自動關閉的保護功能，因此儀器操作和維護更加容易。
特點：
1) 可對浮游植物自動分類的調(diào)制葉綠素熒光儀
2) 4波長光源：470、520、645和665 nm
3) 對藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻進行分類
4) 可選配室內(nèi)系統(tǒng)(i)、野外系統(tǒng)(ii)和測附著藻類/大型藻類的系統(tǒng)(iii)
5) 靈敏度高，檢測限為0.1μg l-1 chl
6) 專業(yè)phytowin操作軟件，數(shù)據(jù)收集、分析和存貯功能強大
7)用戶可利用培養(yǎng)的微藻做參考光譜，非“黑匣子”
8)可在野外測量后根據(jù)水體藻類組成利用優(yōu)勢種(一種或多種)的參考光譜校對實驗結(jié)果
功能：
1) 可對藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻自動分類(定性)
2) 可自動測量水樣中藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻的葉綠素含量(定量)和總?cè)~綠素含量
3) 可同時測量水樣中藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻的光合作用和總光合活性
4) 可測量光合作用的量子產(chǎn)量和相對電子傳遞速率
5) 可自動記錄量子產(chǎn)量和相對電子傳遞速率的快速光響應曲線
6) 用戶可做自己的參考光譜
7) 可連接記錄儀或示波器記錄原始熒光誘導動力學曲線
應用領域：
浮游植物熒光儀Phyto-PAM 多用于水生生物學、水域生態(tài)學、海洋學、湖沼學、水質(zhì)監(jiān)測和預警、微藻生理學、微藻抗逆性、環(huán)境科學、生態(tài)毒理學、極地藻類(冰藻)研究等領域，對于了解自然水體中藻類種群的動態(tài)變化、水華/赤潮預警、野外水體中光合作用的時空變化、校正初級生產(chǎn)力的計算等有較大幫助。
系統(tǒng)組成：
phyto-pam的主機連接不同的檢測器可以組成3套不同的測量系統(tǒng)：
系統(tǒng)i
實驗室版本，利用光學單元ed-101us/mp和標準10×10 mm樣品杯檢測熒光
系統(tǒng)i的所有光電元件均需安裝在鐵架臺上，適合實驗室用。但由于主機phyto-c內(nèi)置大容量電池，因此它也可以在野外或在船上使用。系統(tǒng)i的一個突出優(yōu)點是光學單元ed-101us/mp的開放式設計，它允許安裝不同的濾光片或不同顏色的光化光led陣列。與系統(tǒng)ii的phto-ed相比，10×10 mm樣品杯中的光場分布更加均勻。同時，系統(tǒng)i還可以連接溫度控制器us-t和微型磁力攪拌器phyto-ms。這些特點決定了系統(tǒng)i更加適合浮游植物光合作用的基礎研究。
系統(tǒng)ii
野外便攜式版本，利用phyto-ed和直徑15 mm的樣品杯檢測熒光
在系統(tǒng)ii中，所有光電元件都整合在便攜式的激發(fā)-檢測單元phyto-ed中。phyto-ed密封防水。系統(tǒng)ii在野外或在船上工作，當然室內(nèi)也*可以使用。
系統(tǒng)iii
光纖型版本，利用phyto-edf檢測附著藻類或大型藻類的熒光
系統(tǒng)iii的光纖型激發(fā)-檢測單元phyto-edf可以檢測所有生長在表面的光合生物的光合作用。比較適合的測試材料包括附著藻類、底棲藻類、藻墊(microbial mats)和大型藻類等。由于采用光纖傳導信號而且測量面積小，因此靈敏度比系統(tǒng)i和ii要低。但是由于附著藻類等材料的葉綠素含量遠遠高于水體中的浮游植物，因此系統(tǒng)iii的靈敏度*可滿足實驗要求。
| ● 基礎配置 | 系統(tǒng)i （實驗室版） | 系統(tǒng)ii （野外版） | 系統(tǒng)iii （光纖版） |
| 主機phyto-c | ● | ● | ● |
| 測量光led陣列phyto-ml | ● | ||
| 光化光led陣列phyto-al | ● | ||
| 光電倍增管pm-101p | ● | ||
| 光學單元ed-101us/mp | ● | ||
| 工作臺st-101 | ● | ||
| 激發(fā)-檢測單元phyto-ed | ● | ||
| 光纖型激發(fā)-檢測單元phyto-edf | ● | ||
| 微型磁力攪拌器phyto-ms | ○ | ||
| 球狀微型光量子探頭us-sqs | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| 溫度控制器us-t | ○ | ||
| 攪拌器water-s | ○ |
浮游植物熒光儀Phyto-PAM 技術參數(shù)：
測量光：波長470、520、645和665 nm的測量光led。
光化光：波長655 nm的led；光化光強度0～2000 μmol m-2 s-1 par(系統(tǒng)i和ii)或0～1300 μmol m-2 s-1 par(系統(tǒng)iii)。
飽和脈沖：波長655 nm的led；飽和脈沖強度4000 μmol m-2 s-1 par(系統(tǒng)i和ii)或2600 μmol m-2 s-1 par(系統(tǒng)iii)。
信號檢測：光電倍增管，帶短波截止濾光片(λ>710 nm)；選擇性鎖相放大器。
測量參數(shù)：ft, f(或fo), fm(或 fm’), δf, y(δf/ fm’或fv/fm), etr和chl濃度等。
環(huán)境溫度：-5～+45 ℃，已在極地成功應用。
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